Chronic Pain & Wellness Solutions                       Dr. Donald Liebell        
                 Complementary & Alternative Medicine -                                               477 Viking Drive Suite 170
     Backed by Mainstream Science, Research & Technology                                                              Virginia Beach, VA 23452 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 (757) 631-9799

Dr. Donald Liebell  477 Viking Drive Suite 170 Virginia Beach, VA 23452

Auricular Medicine: Published Scientific Research


Dr. Donald Liebell
Chronic Pain & Wellness Solutions:
Structural Correction
"Energy Medicine"





“America’s Doctor”
Speaks Out On "Oprah"



“the next big frontier in medicine is energy medicine”
 
-  Dr. Mehmet Oz, M.D.
– Director, Cardiovascular Institute at Columbia University’s College of Physicians and Surgeons 



"These methods can often help the patient who has not found relief from more orthodox approaches"

"Many therapists who work daily and successfully with human energy systmes have felt alienated from the sciences that provide the logical and rational foundation for conventional medicine.  Some of their most remarkable and important experiences, and those of their clients, seem to defy analysis from current scientific perspectives.  A close look at energy medicine resolves this unnecessary confusion and controversy."

- James Oschman, PhD,
Biophysicist & Cell Biologist, "Energy Medicine: The Scientific Basis"
- World Authority on Energy & Complementary Medicine
 





 “The potential of auricular medicine seems infinite.  It is an approach for many types of dysfunction that is non-invasive, holistic, inexpensive, deeply respectful of the individual, and able to reveal a unique and beneficial pathway that the patient can follow to assist in regaining health.” 

Dr. Muriel Agnes, PhD in
Energy Medicine




“Auricular medicine is invaluable in providing a wealth of energetic information that is crucial in formulating a credible diagnosis of any pathological condition…Pain management through three-phase auricular therapy is commonly very effective and occasionally is miraculous."


Dr. Nader Soliman, M.D.,
Anesthesiologist,
President of the American Academy of Medical Acupunture (2003-2005)
President,
Alternative Medicine Seminars
The World’s Foremost Authority on Auricular Medicine




Why NOT
in America Too?



“Fifty years later [from the discovery of auricular medicine], many exciting and fascinating developments in understanding this medicine and how to use it for quite complex assessment and treatments are being tested and offered by trained practitioners around the world. This field continues to expand, with thousands of practitioners and exciting developments, particularly in Europe.”

- Dr. Beate Strittmatter, M.D., 
Academy for Acupuncture and Auriculomedicine - Munich, Germany,
 



"The revolutionary side of this [auricular medicine] discovery is still not recognized"


 
Dr. Rita Klowersa, M.D., Germany



Internationally known authority on auricular therapy, World Health Organization instructor



 “When a disease occurs in an organ or certain kind of tissue, positive reactions will appear
on the corresponding auricular point(s). Stimulation of positively reacting point(s) by
applying the proper method can eliminate the pathological effect reversing the pathological
course.” 

Li-Chun Huang, O.M.D., M.D. (China) 



"You can lead a horse to water, but you cannot make it drink."
 
 
“Unfortunately there are many conventional doctors who think acupuncture, or even say nutrition nonsense. "

Dr. Bryan L. Frank, M.D.,
Anesthesiology/Pain Medicine
- President, American Academy of Medical Acupuncture,
- Author, “Atlas of Auricular Medicine and Auricular Therapy, medical Acupuncture"
- Programs for:  the UCLA Medical School, the University of Miami School of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and the McMaster University School of Medicine
 
 

“Energy Medicine is the future of all medicine.”

Norman Shealy, M.D.
Founding president of the American Holistic Medical Association



“In every culture and in every medical tradition before ours, healing was accomplished by moving energy.”  
 

Dr. Albert Szent-Gyorgyi
 
- Nobel laureate in Medicine —“Introduction to a submolecular biology”



“The ultimate approach to healing will be to remove the abnormalities at the subtle-engergy level which led to the manifestation of illness in the first place.” 


Dr. Richard Gerber, M.D.


- internationally known teacher, physician, and author of several books, including the bestseller "
Vibrational Medicine, and A Practical Guide to Vibrational Medicine: Energy Healing and Spiritual Transformation"



 "Auricular therapy can reduce the tension, stress, and pain not fully relieved by other medical procedures” 

Dr. Terry Oleson, PhD., 
Psychobiology,
- Pioneer on auricular  diagnosis at the UCLA Pain Management Center
- Research Director at the American University of Complementary Medicine 




"For chronic conditions, auricular therapy is better than acupuncture… The body heals pain through the brain rather than by pharmacological methods that only suppress the pain signal (along with other vital functions).”

Darrell Stoddard, Board Certified Auricular Therapist, Founder, the Pain Research Institute
- Author, "Pain Free For Life"



"Auricolotherapy is a treatment diffusing in all over the World"


“In the last years modern clinical and basic research is confirming the efficacy of ear acupuncture mostly in the treatment of pain both acute and chronic, and of anxiety related disorders…

Dr. Luigi Gori, M.D., Dr. Fabio Firenzuoli, M.D.
– “Ear Acupuncture in European Traditional Medicine"
 - Center of Natural Medicine, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Empoli, Italy.



Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine
(Vol. 9, No. 3, 1994)


“At the Center [for Improvement for Human Functioning, Wichita, Kansas], auricular therapy is used as a diagnostic and therapeutic option. 
It is relatively painless, inexpensive, easy to use in experienced hands and may give immediate results.  We recommend its use.

Dr. James Jackson, PhD, MT,
- Professor and Assistant Dean, Wichita State University Graduate School




"There is increasing evidence that ear acupuncture can be helpful in the treatment of migraine”


Marco Romoli, M.D. 
- "Ear acupuncture in the control of migraine pain: selecting the right
acupoints by the “needle-contact test”
 
From: Neurological sciences: official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology


Neck and Back Pain Studies In Auricular Medicine


“We believe that substantial savings in medical health care can be made through the adjuvant use of [auricular] electroacupuncture...  significant improvement in pain intensity, mobility, psychological wellbeing, and sleep”

“In this [back] study we demonstrated significant additional and long-lasting pain relief through adjunctive ear acupuncture in patients suffering from chronic low back pain…”

Sabine M. Sator-Katzenschlager, MD, etal.,
"Electrical Stimulation of Auricular Acupuncture Points Is More Effective Than Conventional Manual Auricular
Acupuncture in Chronic Cervical Pain: A Pilot Study"

- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care B, Outpatient Pain Center, University of ienna, Vienna, Austria


Auriculotherapy is a sophisticated discipline of acu- puncture that can be studied to a refined level of precision”


 “Used in an integrated medical model, acupuncture is well suited to deal with many of the functional problems that allopathic medicine is not equipped to address. The result is patient and physician satisfaction."

Dr. Farshad Ahadian, M.D.
- Medical Director, the Center for Pain Medicine at University of California, San Diego



 

 


The following is a list of some of the internationally conducted medical research on Auricular medicine:

Pain: An Evidence-Based Approach Through the Auricular Acupuncture MicrosystemNader Soliman Medical Acupuncture. December 2008: 263-267.

Immediate Resolution of Symptoms Following Auricular Acupuncture in A Patient with Acute Vertigo Superimposed on Refractory, Chronic Disequilibrium: Case ReportArnyce R. Pock, Tracy J. Eicher, Nader Soliman, Richard C. Niemtzow Medical Acupuncture. March 2007: 21-24.

Abbate D, Santamaria A, Brambilla A, Paneri R, Di Guiulio A (1980) Beta-endorphin and electroacupuncture. Lancet 16 : 13–31.
 
Ackerman J (1999) Navach’s biochemical and neurophysical aspects of the VAS. International Consensus Conference on Acupuncture, Auricular medicine, and Auricular Medicine. Las Vegas, NV: 51–57.
 
Akerele O (1991) WHO and the development of acupuncture nomenclature: overcoming a tower of Babel. Am J Chin Med 1: 89–94.
 
Alimi D (2000) Effects of auricular stimulation on functional magnetic resonance imaging of the cerebral cortex. Third International Symposium of Auricular medicine and Auricular Medicine. Lyons, France.
 
Alimi D, Geissmann A, Gardeur D (2002) Auricular acupuncture stimulation measured on functional magnetic resonance imaging. Med Acupunc 13: 18–21.

The Garden of Earthly Delights: Treating Human Sexuality Through Auricular TherapyNader Soliman Medical Acupuncture. March 2008: 43-45.

The Effects of Scalp Acupuncture and Auricular Therapy on Acute Herpetic Pain and Postherpetic Neuralgia: A Case SeriesHidenoir Takahashi Medical Acupuncture. June 2007: 113-120.Abstract 
   
Three-Phase Hand Acupuncture: A New Discovery Inspired by the Auricular Acupuncture MicrosystemNader E. Soliman The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. March 2006: 99-102.

Comparative Study Treating Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Patients Using the New Multiphase Hand Acupuncture Microsystem and Koryo Hand Therapy SystemNader Soliman Medical Acupuncture. June 2007: 109-112.

Auricular Acupuncture Microsystem Approach to Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity DisorderNader Soliman Medical Acupuncture. June 2008: 103-108.Abstract | Full Text PDF | Reprints & Permissions   

Soliman's Auricular Therapy Textbook: New Localizations and Evidence Based Therapeutic ApproachesNader Soliman, Eric S. Hsu Medical Acupuncture. December 2008: 287-288.
 
Asamoto S, Takeshige C (1992) Activation of the satiety center by auricular acupuncture point stimulation. Brain Res Bull 29: 157–164.
 
Bergsmann O, Hart A (1973) Differences in electrical skin conductivity between acupuncture points and adjacent skin areas. Am J Acupunct 1: 27–32.
 
Blum K, Braverman E, Holder J et al (2000) Reward deficiency syndrome (RDS): a biogenic model for the diagnosis and treatment of impulsive, addictive, and compulsive behaviors. J Psychoact Drugs 32: 2.
 
Bossy J (1979) Neural mechanisms in acupuncture analgesia. Minerva Med 70: 1705–1715.
 
Bossy J (2000) Anatomical comparisons of the external ear. Third International Symposium of Auricular medicine and Auricular Medicine. Lyons, France.
 
Brewington V, Smith M, Lipton D (1994) Acupuncture as a detoxification treatment: an analysis of controlled research. J Substance Abuse Treatment 11: 289–307.
 
Bullock M, Culliton P, Olander R (1989) Controlled trial of acupuncture for severe recidivist alcoholism. Lancet i: 1435–1439.
 
Chan W, Weissensteiner R, Rausch W et al (1998) Comparison of substance P concentration in acupuncture points in different tissues in dogs. Am J Chin Med 26: 13–18.
 
Chapman C, Benedetti C, Colpitts Y, Gerlach R (1983) Naloxone fails to reverse pain thresholds elevated by acupuncture: acupuncture analgesia reconsidered.
Pain 16: 13–31.
 
Chen GS (1995) On auricular acupuncture. Second International Symposium on Auricular Medicine. Beijing, China: 37–48.
 
Chen GS, Lu P (1999) History of auricular acupuncture in China. Presentation at International Consensus Conference on Acupuncture, Auricular medicine, and Auricular Medicine. Las Vegas, NV: 7–8.
 
Chen H (1993) Recent studies on auriculoacupuncture and its mechanism.
J Trad Chin Med 13: 129–143.
 
Chiou S, Chao C, Yang Y (1998) Topography of low skin resistance points (LSRP) in rats. Am J Chin Med 26: 19–27.
 
Cho ZH, Wong G (1998) New findings of the correlation between acupoints and corresponding brain cortices using functional MRI. Proc Natl Acad Sci 95: 2670–2673.
 
Choy D, Eidenschenk E (1998) Effect of tragus clips on gastric peristalsis: a pilot study.
J Altern Compl Med 4: 399–403.
 
Clement-Jones V, McLaughlin L, Lowry P, Besser G, Rees L, Wen HL (1979) Acupuncture in heroin addicts: changes in met-enkephalin and beta-endorphin in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Lancet ii: 380–382.
 
Clement-Jones V, Mc Loughlin L, Tomlin, S, Besser G, Rees L, Wen H (1980) Increased beta-endorphin but not met-enkephalin levels in human cerebrospinal fluid after acupuncture for recurrent pain. Lancet iii: 946–948.
 
Cox B (1975) Patient motivation: a factor in weight reduction with auricular acupuncture. Am J Acupunct 3: 339–341.
 
Dale R (1976) The micro-acupuncture systems, parts I & II. Am J Acupunct 4: 7–24; 196–224.
 
Dale R (1985) The micro-acupuncture meridians. Intl J Chin Med 2: 31–49.
 
Dale R (1991) Acupuncture meridians and the homunculus principle. Am J Acupunct 19: 73–75.
 
Dale R (1993) Addictions and acupuncture: the treatment methods, formulae, effectiveness and limitations. Am J Acupunct 21: 247–266.
 
Dale R (1999) The systems, holograms and theory of micro-acupuncture.
Am J Acupunct 27: 207–242.
 
Debreceni L (1991) The effect of electrical stimulation of the ear points on the plasma ACTH and GH level in humans. Acupunct Electrotherap Res 16: 45–51.
 
Dvorkin E (1999) Morphology of auricular reflex points. International Consensus Conference on Acupuncture, Auricular medicine, and Auricular Medicine. Las Vegas, NV: 29–30.
 
Ernst M, Lee M (1987) Influence of naloxone on electro-acupuncture analgesia using an experimental pain test. Acupunct Electrotherap Res 12: 5–22.
 
Fedoseeva O, Kalyuzhnyi L, Sudakov K (1990) New peptide mechanisms of auriculo-acupuncture electro-analgesia: role of angiotensin II. Acupunct Electrotherap Res 15:1–8.
 
Frank B (1999) A critical assessment of functional ear points. International Consensus Conference on Acupuncture, Auricular medicine, and Auricular Medicine. Las Vegas, NV: 62–63.
 
Giller R (1975) Auricular acupuncture and weight reduction. A review and overall approach. Am J Acupunct 3: 151–153.
 
Helms J (1990) WHO adopts standard international acupuncture nomenclature. AAMA Review 2: 33.
 
Ho W, Wen H, Lam S, Li A (1978) The influence of electroacupuncture on naloxone induced morphine withdrawal in mice: elevation of brain opiate-like activity.
Eur J Pharmacol 49: 197–199.
 
Holder J, Duncan R, Gissen M, Miller M, Blum K (2001) Increasing retention rates among the chemically dependent in residential treatment: auricular medicine and subluxation-based chiropractic care. Molec Psychiatry 6: S8.
 
Hsieh C (1998) Modulation of cerebral cortex in acupuncture stimulation: a study using sympathetic skin response and somatosensory evoked potentials.
Am J Chin Med 26: 1–11.
 
Hsieh J, Stahle-Backdahl M, Hagermark O, Stone-Elander S (1995) Traumatic nociceptive pain activates the hypothalamus and the periaqueductal gray: a positron emission tomography study. Pain 64: 303–314.
 
Hyvarinen J, Karlsson M (1977) Low skin resistance skin points that may coincide with acupuncture loci. Med Biol 55: 88–94.
 
Ionescu-Tirgoviste C, Pruan S, Bajenaru P (1991) The participation of the autonomic nervous system in the mechanism of action of acupuncture. Am J Acupunct 1 9: 21–28.
 
Jaung-Geng L, Salahin H, Jung-Charng L (1995) Investigation on the effects of ear acupressure on exercise-induced lactic acid levels and the implications for athletic training. Am J Acupunct 23: 309–313.
 
Kashiba H, Ueda Y (1991) Acupuncture to the skin induces release of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide from peripheral terminals of primary sensory neurons in the rat. Am J Chin Med 19: 189–197.
 
Kawakaita K, Kawamura H, Keino H, Hongo T, Kitakohji, H (1991) Development of the low impedance points in the auricular skin of experimental peritonitis rats.
Am J Chin Med 19: 199–205.
 
Kho H, Robertson E (1997) The mechanisms of acupuncture analgesia: review and update. Am J Acupunct 25: 261–281.
 
Kitade T, Hyodo M (1979) The effects of stimulation of ear acupuncture points on the body’s pain threshold. Am J Chin Med 7: 241–252.
 
Krause A, Clelland J, Knowles C, Jackson J (1987) Effects of unilateral and bilateral auricular transcutaneous electrical stimulation on cutaneous pain threshold. Physical Therapy 67: 507–511.
 
Kroening R, Oleson T (1985) Rapid narcotic detoxification in chronic pain patients treated with auricular electroacupuncture and naloxone. Intl J Addict 20: 1347–1360.
 
Kvirchishvili V (1974) Projections of different parts of the body on the surface of the concha auriculae in humans and animals. Am J Acupunct 2: 208.
 
Lee T (1977) Thalamic neuron theory: a hypothesis concerning pain and acupuncture. Med Hypoth 3: 113–121.
 
Lee T (1994) Thalamic neuron theory: theoretical basis for the role played by the central nervous system (CNS) in the causes and cures of all disease. Med Hypoth 43: 285–302.
 
Leib S (1999) Nogier’s three functional layers to evaluate conventional medications. International Consensus Conference on Acupuncture, Auricular medicine, and Auricular Medicine. Las Vegas, NV: 59–60.
 
Lichstein E, Chaddie K, Naik D, Gupta P (1974) Diagonal earlobe crease: prevalence and implications as a coronary risk factor. New Engl J Med 290: 615–616.
 
Lin C (1984) Use of auricular acupuncture for the relief of tooth pain. Am J Acupunct 12: 239–244.
 
Margolin A, Chung P, Avants S, Kosten T (1993a) Effects of sham and real auricular needling: implications for trials of acupuncture for cocaine addiction.
Am J Chin Med 221: 191–197.
 
Margolin A, Avants S, Chung P, Kosten T (1993b) Acupuncture for the treatment of cocaine dependence in methadone-maintained patients. Am J Addict 2: 194–201.
 

 

Marignan M (1999) Dynamic and digital thermography of the ear. Presentation at the International Consensus Conference on Acupuncture, Auricular medicine, and Auricular Medicine. Las Vegas, NV: 23.
 
Mehta J, Homby R (1974) Diagonal earlobe crease as a coronary risk factor.
New Engl J Med 291: 260.
 
Ng L, Douthitt T, Thoa N, Albert C (1975) Modification of morphine-withdrawal in rats following transauricular electrostimulation: an experimental paradigm for auricular electroacupuncture. Biol Psychiatr 10: 575–580.
 
Ng L, Dionne R, Bragin E, Pert C, Pert A (1981) Alterations in rat central nervous system endorphins following transauricular acupuncture. Brain Res 224: 83–93.
 
Niemtzow RC (1998) A high-protein regimen and auriculomedicine for the treatment of obesity: a clinical observation. Med Acupunct 9: 15–21.
 

Nogier R (1999) History of Dr Paul Nogier’s work in auricular medicine. International Consensus Conference on Acupuncture, Auricular medicine, and Auricular Medicine. Las Vegas, NV: 19–22.
 
Oleson T (1998) Differential application of auricular acupuncture for myofascial, autonomic, and neuropathic pain. Med Acupunct 9: 23–28.
 
Oleson T, Flocco W (1993) Randomized controlled study of premenstrual symptoms treated with ear, hand, and foot reflexology. Obstet Gynecol 82: 906–911.
 
Oleson T, Kroening R (1983a) A comparison of Chinese and Nogier auricular acupuncture points. Am J Acupunct 11: 205–223.
 
Oleson T, Kroening R (1983b) A new nomenclature for identifying Chinese and Nogier auricular acupuncture points. Am J Acupunct 12: 325–344.
 
Oleson T, Kroening R (1983c) Electroacupuncture and auricular electrical stimulation. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag 2: 22–26.
 
Oleson T, Kroening R, Bresler D (1980) An experimental evaluation of auricular diagnosis: the somatotopic mapping of musculoskeletal pain at ear acupuncture points. Pain 8: 217–229.
 
Oliveri A, Clelland J, Jackson J, Knowles C (1986) Effects of auricular transcutaneous electrical stimulation on experimental pain threshold. Physical Ther 66: 12–16.
 
Patterson M (1974) Electro-acupuncture in alcohol and drug addictions.
Clin Med (Oct.): 9–13.
 
Pert A, Dionne R, Ng L et al (1981) Alterations in rat central nervous system endorphins following transauricular electroacupuncture. Brain Res 224: 83–93.
 
Pomeranz B, Chiu, D (1976) Naloxone blockade of acupuncture analgesia: endorphin implicated. Life Sci 19: 1757.
 
Regrena Y, Fabre M, Pernice C, Nguyen J (1980) Smoking withdrawal therapy by acupuncture. Am J Acupunct 8: 57–63.
 
Reichmanis M, Marino A, Becker R (1975) Electrical correlates of acupuncture. IEEE Trans Bio-Med Engin 22: 533–535.
 
Reichmanis M, Marino A, Becker R (1976) D.C. skin conductive variation at acupuncture loci. Am J Chin Med 4: 69–72.
 

Richards D, Marley J (1998) Stimulation of auricular acupuncture points in weight loss. Austral Family Phys 27 (suppl 2): S73–S77.
 
Romoli, M, Vettoni F (1982) Alterations in the skin of the auricle and correlation with chronic disease. Minerva Med 73: 725–730.
 
Sacks L (1975) Drug addiction, alcoholism, smoking, obesity treated by auricular staplepuncture. Am J Acupunct 3: 147–150.
 
Saku K, Mukaino Y, Ying H, Arakwa K (1993) Characteristics of reactive electropermeable points on the auricles of coronary heart disease patients.
Clin Cardiol 16: 415–419.
 
Schjelderup V (1982) The principle of holography: a key to holistic approach in medicine. Am J Acupunct 10: 167–171.
 
Shiraishi T, Onoe M, Kojima T, Sameshima Y, Kageyama T (1995) Effects of auricular stimulation on feeding-related hypothalamic neuronal activity in normal and obese rats. Brain Res Bull 36: 141–148.
 
Simmons M, Oleson T (1993) Auricular electrical stimulation and dental pain threshold. Anesth Progr 40: 14–19.
 
Sjolund B, Eriksson M (1976) Electroacupuncture and endogenous morphines. Lancet ii: 1085.
 
Sjolund B, Terenius L, Eriksson M (1977) Increased cerebrospinal fluid levels of endorphins after electroacupuncture. Act Physiol Scand 1 00: 382–384.
 
Smith M (1979) Acupuncture and healing in drug detoxification. Am J Acupunct 7: 97–107.
 
Smith M (1988) Acupuncture treatment for crack: clinical survey of 1500 patients treated. Am J Acupunct 16: 241–247.
 
Smith M (1990) Creating a substance abuse treatment program incorporating acupuncture. AAMA Rev 2: 29–32.
 
Smith M, Squires R, Aponte J, Rabinowitz N, Regina S (1982) Acupuncture treatment of drug addiction and alcohol abuse. Am J Acupunct 10: 161–163.
 
Sun Q, Xu Y (1993) Simple obesity and obesity hyperlipema treated with otoacupoint pressure and body acupuncture. J Trad Chin Med 13: 22–26.
 
Takeshige C, Sato T, Mera T, Hisamit T, Fang J (1992) Descending pain inhibitory system involved in acupuncture analgesia. Brain Res Bull 29: 617–634.
 
Van Gelder T (1999) Pain, chakra centers, and pathological auricular points. Presentation at International Consensus Conference on Acupuncture, Auricular medicine, and Auricular Medicine. Las Vegas, NV: 50.
 
Voll R (1977) Energetic reactions between organ pairs and paranasal sinuses, ordontons, and tonsils in electroacupuncture according to Voll. Am J Acupunct 5: 101-114.
 
Wang D (1984) Standard acupuncture nomenclature. WHO Regional Publications, Western Pacific Series, Manila.
 
Wei F, Dubner R, Ren K (1999) Nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis and nucleus raphe magnus in the brain stem exert opposite effects on behavioral hyperalgia and spinal Fos protein expression after peripheral inflammation. Pain 80: 127–141.
 
Wen HL (1977) Fast detoxification of drug abuse by acupuncture and electrical stimulation (AES) in combination with naloxone. Mod Med Asia 13: 13–17.
 
Wen HL, Cheung S (1973) Treatment of drug addiction by acupuncture and electrical stimulation. Am J Acupunct 1: 71–75.
 
Wen HL, Ho WK, Wong HK et al (1978) Reduction of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol in drug addicts treated by acupuncture and electrical stimulation (AES). Compar Med East West 7: 237–240.
 
Wen H, Ho K, Ling N, Ma L, Choa G (1979) The influence of electro-acupuncture on naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal. II. Elevation of immunoassayable beta-endorphin activity in the brain but not the blood. Am J Chin Med 7: 237–240.
 
Wong EK, Cho ZH (1999) Acupuncture, brain function, and modern fMRI imaging techniques. International Consensus Conference on Acupuncture, Auricular medicine, and Auricular Medicine. Las Vegas, NV: 31–33.
 
World Health Organization (1985) Report on second WHO working group on the standardization of acupuncture nomenclature. Hong Kong.
 
World Health Organization (1987) Report on third WHO working group on the standardization of acupuncture nomenclature. Seoul, Korea.
 
World Health Organization (1990a) WHO report of the working group on auricular acupuncture nomenclature. Lyons, France.
 

World Health Organization (1990b) A standard international acupuncture nomenclature: Memorandum from a WHO meeting. WHO Bulletin 68: 165–169.
 
Xianglong H, Baohua W, Xiaoqing H, Jinsen X (1992) Computerized plotting of low skin impedance points. J Trad Chin Med 12: 277–282.
 
Yang M, Kwok S (1986) Evaluation of the treatment of morphine addiction by acupuncture, Chinese herbs, and opioid peptides. Am J Chin Med 14: 46–50.
 
Young M, McCarthy P (1998) Effect of acupuncture stimulation of the auricular sympathetic point on evoked sudomotor response. J Altern Compl Med 4: 29–38.
 

Zhang YQ (1980) [A new micro-acupuncture system and another general law of distribution of acupoints besides that of the meridian-following distribution – the second metacarpal side therapy and the holographic law of distribution of acupoints.] (in Chinese) Wulanchabu Sci Tech 1: 38.
 
Zhang YQ (1992) A new view of the organism: The ECIWO theory and its solution of some challenging problems in the frontiers of medicine and biology. Hong Kong, Peace Book.
 
Zhou L (1995) Supplementary comments on the standardization of auricular points.
J Trad Chin Med 15: 132–134.
 
Zhou L (1999) The national standards of the People’s Republic of China. International Consensus Conference on Acupuncture, Auricular medicine, and Auricular Medicine. Las Vegas, NV: 11–18.